The 13 logical fallacies

 Here is a list of 13 common logical fallacies, along with a brief description of each:

1. Ad Hominem: Attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself.
2. Appeal to Authority: Using the opinion of an authority figure to support an argument, without providing any actual evidence.
3. Appeal to Emotion: Using emotional language or appeals to emotion to support an argument, rather than using reason or evidence.
4. Appeal to Ignorance: Claiming that a proposition is true because it has not been proven false, or vice versa.
5. False Dilemma: Presenting a situation as if there are only two choices, when in fact there may be other options.
6. False Analogy: Drawing a comparison between two things that are not really similar, in order to make an argument.
7. Straw Man: Misrepresenting or exaggerating an opponent's argument in order to make it easier to attack.
8. Circular Reasoning: Using a premise to support a conclusion, and then using that same conclusion as a premise to support the same premise.
9. Slippery Slope: Suggesting that a certain action will lead to a chain of events with disastrous consequences, without providing any evidence to support this claim.
10. Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc: Assuming that because one event followed another, the first event must have caused the second event.
11. Red Herring: Introducing a topic that is not relevant to the argument at hand, in order to distract from the real issue.
12. Hasty Generalization: Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence or a small sample size.
13. Burden of Proof: Demanding that someone else prove their argument, rather than providing evidence to support your own argument.

Remember that logical fallacies can be sneaky, and it's important to be aware of them in order to make sound arguments and to identify when others may be using fallacious reasoning.